<p>
  Beta is a statistical measure of a stock's volatility in relation to the market. Stock analysts use this measure to get a sense of stocks' risk profiles.
  It is also a key component of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), A stock's price variability is essential to consider when assessing risk. It represents the co-movement instead of the volatility. Therefore, it is possible for a stock to have zero beta and higher volatility than the market.
</p>
<p>
  In the real world, some investors are prohibited from using leverage and other investors’ leverage is limited by margin requirements.
  Therefore, their only way to achieve higher returns is to buy more risky stocks, which would cause the overvaluation of higher-beta stocks.
  This behavior suggests that high-beta (risky) stocks should deliver lower risk-adjusted returns than low-beta stocks.
  In this algorithm, we'll use the leverage to explore the inefficiency of the beta factor.
</p>
